# ZIP 2005: Ironwood Quantum Recoverability Status: Proposed Owners: Daira-Emma Hopwood, Jack Grigg Snapshot: a34cfc091434275120ff017c92c3b50d3cef623a Source date: 2026-10-16T02:56:04+01:00 [Source revision](https://github.com/zcash/zips/commit/a34cfc091434275120ff017c92c3b50d3cef623a) [Official source](https://zips.z.cash/zip-2005) · [Source file](https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/a34cfc091434275120ff017c92c3b50d3cef623a/zips/zip-2005.md) · [Discussion](https://github.com/zcash/zips/issues/1135) ## Document parts [Part 1](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2005) · [Part 2](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2005?part=2) · [Part 3](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2005?part=3) · [Part 4](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2005?part=4) Reading part 1 of 4. Follow all parts for the complete proposal. Preamble **ZIP**: 2005 **Title**: Ironwood Quantum Recoverability **Owners**: - [Daira-Emma Hopwood](mailto:daira@jacaranda.org) - [Jack Grigg](mailto:thestr4d@gmail.com) **Credits**: - Sean Bowe - Dev Ojha - Kris Nuttycombe **Status**: Proposed **Category**: Consensus **Created**: 2025-03-31 **License**: MIT **Discussions-To**: [https://github.com/zcash/zips/issues/1135](https://github.com/zcash/zips/issues/1135) **Pull-Request**: - [https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1126](https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1126) - [https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1184](https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1184) - [https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1275](https://github.com/zcash/zips/pull/1275) ## Terminology The key words "MUST", "SHOULD", and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [1](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-bcp14) when, and only when, they appear in all capitals. The term "network upgrade" in this document is to be interpreted as described in ZIP 200. [2](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0200) The character § is used when referring to sections of the Zcash Protocol Specification. [3](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-updated) The terms "Mainnet" and "Testnet" are to be interpreted as described in § 3.12 ‘Mainnet and Testnet’. [4](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-updated-networks) We use the convention followed in the protocol specification that an $\underline{\mathsf{underlined}}$ variable indicates a byte sequence, and a variable suffixed with $\star$ indicates a bit-sequence encoding of an elliptic curve point. The notation ${k \choose n}$ denotes the binomial coefficient — the number of ways of choosing $n$ items from a set of $k$, which is equal to $\frac{k!}{n!(k-n)!}$ for $0 \leq n \leq k$. For brevity, in the discussion sections of this ZIP we abbreviate $\mathsf{H^{rcm,Orchard}}$ as $\mathsf{H^{rcm}}$, $\mathsf{PRF^{nfOrchard}}$ as $\mathsf{PRF^{nf}}$, $\mathcal{K}^{\mathsf{Orchard}}$ as $\mathcal{K}$, and similarly for other Orchard-protocol-specific hash function names. The changes to the protocol specification and to other ZIPs use the full forms. We will use the syntax $\mathsf{Constructor}_1(T_1) \mid \mathsf{Constructor}_2(T_2)$ for a tagged union type with tags $\mathsf{Constructor}_1$ and $\mathsf{Constructor}_2$. Such types can be destructured using a $\text{match}$ construct: $\hspace{2em}\text{match } e \text{ with} \begin{cases} \mathsf{Constructor}_1(t_1) \!\!\!&\Rightarrow f(t_1) \\ \mathsf{Constructor}_2(t_2) \!\!\!&\Rightarrow g(t_2)\textsf{.} \end{cases}$ The terms "*Ironwood pool*" and "*Orchard pool*" are to be interpreted as described in [5](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0229). Following the convention in the protocol specification, we use *slanted text* to refer to pool names, in order to more clearly distinguish them from shielded protocols. The terms "recoverable note" and "recoverable note plaintext" refer to a note or note plaintext that was created according to this proposal. As initially deployed, these are necessarily *Ironwood-pool* notes or note plaintexts. The term "Recovery Protocol" refers to a potential new shielded protocol that would allow recovery of funds held in recoverable *Ironwood-pool* notes. This ZIP describes the Recovery Protocol in outline but not in detail: many of its design decisions are intentionally left open. The Recovery Protocol would also allow recovering notes created according to the ZSA extension to the Orchard protocol [6](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0226) [7](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0227) if that were deployed. ## Abstract This ZIP proposes a change to the construction of notes, to be deployed for the *Ironwood pool* [5](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0229), designed to improve Zcash's long-term resilience against a significant potential threat to its security from quantum computers. It does not by itself make the protocol secure against quantum adversaries, but is intended to support a smoother transition to future versions of Zcash designed to be so. The existing Zcash shielded protocols are dependent on the hardness of finding discrete logarithms; an adversary who can do so (via quantum computers or otherwise) would be able to steal or forge funds. In the event of needing to disable these protocols in order to prevent such attacks, it will be possible to use a Recovery Protocol to recover funds from the *Ironwood pool*. This Recovery Protocol is expected to remain secure against discrete-logarithm-breaking and quantum adversaries. This change does not by itself make Zcash secure against attacks using quantum computers, but is a necessary and substantial step toward that goal. Recovery would not be possible for funds still in the *Sprout*, *Sapling*, or *Orchard pools*; all such funds would be inaccessible after their respective protocols are disabled. They should be migrated to the *Ironwood pool* in order to take advantage of this change. ## Motivation If quantum computers —or any other attack that allows finding discrete logarithms on the elliptic curves used in Zcash— were to become practical, it would raise difficult issues for the Zcash community. An adversary able to compute discrete logarithms (in fact, a single discrete logarithm is sufficient) could cause arbitrary inflation or steal users' funds. Critically, the note commitment algorithms used by the Sapling and Orchard shielded protocols are not post-quantum binding. This means that even if the proof system were upgraded to one that is believed to be secure against quantum computers, and even if the note commitment tree were to be reconstructed (from public information) to use a suitable hash function, it would still be possible for a quantum or discrete-logarithm-breaking adversary to forge and spend notes that are not actually in the commitment tree — thus breaking the Balance property. This ZIP proposes a small change to the way Orchard-protocol notes are derived, that would apply to all notes in the new *Ironwood pool*. If this change is made well in advance of quantum computers becoming viable, it would provide time for users to move their funds to the *Ironwood pool*, keeping them safe and recoverable after a subsequent post-quantum transition. This would not require any change to the Orchard-protocol (or proposed OrchardZSA-protocol) **circuits** for the time being, and would not require deciding on the particular proof system or note commitment tree hash used in the future protocol. Recovering these funds after the post-quantum transition would involve checking a more expensive and complicated statement in zero knowledge, but it is expected that this will be entirely practical for the intended usage of recovering funds into another shielded pool. The current privacy properties of the Orchard protocol would be retained against pre-quantum adversaries, and also against post-quantum adversaries without knowledge of the notes' addresses. [8](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-pq-zcash) To reduce overall protocol complexity and analysis effort, we do **not** propose a similar change for Sapling. Instead, Sapling funds can be migrated to the *Ironwood pool* in order to make them quantum-recoverable. (Note that this analysis effort needs to include the child and internal key derivations defined in ZIP 32, which differ significantly between the Sapling [9](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0032-sapling-child-key-derivation) [10](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0032-sapling-internal-key-derivation) and Orchard [11](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0032-orchard-child-key-derivation) [12](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0032-orchard-internal-key-derivation) protocols.) This proposal is implementable at low risk, and required changes to existing libraries and wallets are small. It is compatible with Memo Bundles [13](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0231) and/or ZSAs [6](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0226). ## Requirements - Ironwood-pool notes constructed according to this proposal should be spendable via a Recovery Protocol (to be introduced, potentially, in a future upgrade) that is expected to be secure against discrete-logarithm-breaking and quantum adversaries. - No particular choice of post-quantum proving system or commitment tree hash should be assumed for that alternate protocol. - The proposed scheme should be fully compatible with FROST threshold multisignatures [14](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0312), hardware wallets, and the combination of both. - The proposed scheme should not require regeneration of existing non-multisignature keys or addresses. - It should be possible for wallets to identify what subset of a user's funds have been made recoverable. - The changes made to the pre-quantum protocol should not cause a significant regression in performance, applicability, or security against any given adversary class, or require significant re-analysis of that protocol's pre-quantum security. - The Recovery Protocol should ensure no loss of security against pre-quantum adversaries — including when FROST threshold multisignatures and/or hardware wallets are used. - Recovery of funds from hardware wallets that support this protocol should not require exposing the pre-quantum spend authorizing key $\mathsf{ask}$ to theft. - The proposal should be compatible with Zcash Shielded Assets with minimal additional complexity [6](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0226) [7](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0227). ## Non-requirements - It is not required to address discrete-logarithm-breaking or quantum attacks on **privacy** with this proposal, as long as it does not cause any regression in privacy properties. - It is not required to add support for the Recovery Protocol to consensus rules now. - It is not required for spends using the Recovery Protocol to be as efficient as spends using the Orchard or Sapling protocols. - It is not anticipated that spends using the Recovery Protocol will need to be indistinguishable from non-Recovery spends. ## High-level summary of changes This subsection and the flow diagram below are non-normative. This proposal defines a new note plaintext format to be used for recoverable notes (that is, those in the *Ironwood pool*), with lead byte $\mathtt{0x03}$. The $\mathsf{pre\_rcm}$ value is computed differently for this new format, by including all of the note fields in $\mathsf{pre\_rcm}$. This means that an adversary constrained to treat the PRF used to derive $\mathsf{rcm}$ from $\mathsf{pre\_rcm}$ as a random oracle, could not vary any note field without producing a different $\mathsf{rcm}$. This lets us argue that the overall commitment scheme is post-quantum binding, as long as the new derivation of $\mathsf{rcm}$ is checked in the Recovery Protocol. Essentially the same technique also needs to be applied to the function $\mathsf{Commit^{ivk}}$ that is used to derive Orchard-protocol incoming viewing keys. The randomness $\mathsf{rivk}$ in $\mathsf{Commit^{ivk}}$ is derived directly or indirectly from $\mathsf{rivk\_ext}$, which is in turn derived from one of two random oracles, depending on which key material the user holds: - For existing Orchard-protocol keys, $\mathsf{rivk\_ext}$ is derived from the secret key $\mathsf{sk}$ via $\mathsf{H^{rivk\_legacy}}(\mathsf{sk})$, with $\mathsf{ak}$ and $\mathsf{nk}$ also derived from $\mathsf{sk}$. The Recovery Protocol checks all three derivations. - For keys generated via FROST distributed key generation, or for hardware wallets where exporting $\mathsf{sk}$ is undesirable, an alternative "quantum spending key" $\mathsf{qsk}$ and "quantum intermediate key" $\mathsf{qk}$ are used, with $\mathsf{rivk\_ext} = \mathsf{H^{rivk\_ext}_{qk}}(\mathsf{ak}, \mathsf{nk})$. The Recovery Protocol checks this derivation together with a $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ proof of knowledge of $\mathsf{qsk}$ such that $\mathsf{H^{qk}}(\mathsf{qsk}) = \mathsf{qk}$. Both branches (and both cases $\mathsf{rivk} \in \{ \mathsf{rivk\_ext}, \mathsf{H^{rivk\_int}_{rivk\_ext}}(\mathsf{ak}, \mathsf{nk}) \}$) are covered uniformly by the [Security argument for key binding](#securityargumentforkeybinding): each binds the keys $(\mathsf{ak}, \mathsf{nk}, \mathsf{rivk})$ —and $\mathsf{qk}$, including whether it is in use— to the incoming-viewing key $\mathsf{ivk}$ post-quantumly, up to a small advantage against collision-finding in the random oracles used for $\mathsf{rivk}$ derivation. The FROST and hardware-wallet use cases are described in [Usage with FROST](#usagewithfrost) and [Usage with hardware wallets](#usagewithhardwarewallets). ### Flow diagram for the Orchard protocol This diagram shows, approximately, the derivation of Orchard-protocol keys, addresses, notes, note commitments, and nullifiers. All of the flow diagrams in this ZIP omit type conversions between curve points, field elements, byte sequences, and bit sequences, and so are not sufficiently precise to be used directly as a guide for implementation. ``` --- title: "Key to flow diagrams" --- graph BT classDef default stroke:#111111; classDef func fill:#d0ffb8; classDef cefunc fill:#a0e0a0; classDef sensitive fill:#ffb0b0; classDef semi_sensitive fill:#ffb0ff; classDef keybox stroke:#808080, fill:#ffffff; classDef spacer opacity:0; key([sensitive key]):::sensitive ~~~ function:::func value([value]) ~~~ cond{{conditional value}} dummyA( ) -->|existing| dummyB( ) dummyC( ) ==>|new| dummyD( ) dummyE( ) -.->|optional| dummyF( ) ``` The bold lines are changes introduced by this ZIP, which all take the form of additional inputs to derivation functions or alternative derivations. The derivations shown in the box labelled [Proposed Recovery Statement](#proposedrecoverystatement) are, roughly speaking, those enforced by the section of that name. The diagram shows the recoverable-note case ($\mathsf{leadByte} = \mathtt{0x03}$); for $\mathsf{leadByte} = \mathtt{0x02}$ the existing Orchard-protocol derivation $\mathsf{rcm} = \mathsf{ToScalar^{Orchard}}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{rseed}}([\mathtt{0x05}] \,||\, \underline{\text{ρ}})\kern-0.1em\big)$ applies, and the additional fields feeding into $\mathsf{pre\_rcm}$ are absent. ``` graph BT classDef default stroke:#111111; classDef func fill:#d0ffb8; classDef cefunc fill:#a0e0a0; classDef sensitive fill:#ffb0b0; classDef semi_sensitive fill:#ffb0ff; classDef circuit stroke:#000000, fill:#fffff0; classDef spacer opacity:0; PostQC:::circuit subgraph PostQC[
Proposed Recovery Statement
] direction BT rivk_ext([rivk_ext]) --> Hrivk_int[Hrivk_int]:::func ak([ak]) --> Hrivk_int[Hrivk_int]:::func nk --> Hrivk_int rivk_ext -->|¬is_internal_rivk| rivk Hrivk_int -->|is_internal_rivk| rivk{{rivk}} rivk --> Commitivk[Commitivk]:::func ak([ak]) ----> Commitivk nk([nk]) ----> Commitivk Commitivk ---> ivk([ivk]) gd ---> ivkmul[［ivk］gd ]:::func ivk --> ivkmul rseed --> Hpsi[Hψ]:::func rho --> Hpsi v([#8239;v#8239;]) ==> pre_rcm([pre_rcm]) pkd ====> pre_rcm gd ==> pre_rcm psi ===> pre_rcm rho([#8239;ρ#8239;]) --> pre_rcm v ~~~~ rcm ivkmul --> pkd([pkd]) pre_rcm --> Hrcm[Hrcm]:::func rseed([rseed]) --> Hrcm Hrcm --> rcm([rcm]) Hpsi --> psi([#8239;ψ#8239;]) gd --> NoteCommit:::func pkd --> NoteCommit psi --> NoteCommit v --> NoteCommit rcm --> NoteCommit rho --> NoteCommit cm --> DeriveNullifier:::func psi --> DeriveNullifier rho --> DeriveNullifier nk --> DeriveNullifier NoteCommit --> cm([cm]) DeriveNullifier --> nf([nf]) cm --> cmx([cmx]) end d([#8239;d#8239;]) --> HashToCurve:::func ------> gd([gd]) ``` ## Specification ### Proactive movement of funds to recoverable notes Once this proposal is deployed, wallets SHOULD move all of the funds they control (including transparent, Sprout, and Sapling funds) into recoverable *Ironwood-pool* notes as soon as practically possible. Other wallets are REQUIRED, as part of supporting the NU6.3 upgrade, to be able to receive these notes. Non-recoverable funds may be received after existing funds have been made recoverable. Wallets SHOULD therefore treat the movement of funds to recoverable notes as an ongoing process. ### Usage with FROST When generating Orchard-protocol keys for FROST, $\mathsf{ak}$ will be derived jointly from the participants' shares of $\mathsf{ask}$ according to the FROST Distributed Key Generation (DKG) protocol. This ZIP further constrains FROST key generation for the Orchard procotol as follows: participants MUST privately agree on a value $\mathsf{sk}$, and then use it with $\mathsf{use\_qsk} = \mathsf{true}$ to derive $\mathsf{nk}$, $\mathsf{qsk}$, $\mathsf{qk}$, and (using the $\mathsf{ak}$ output by the DKG protocol) $\mathsf{rivk\_ext}$, as specified in § 4.2.3 ‘Orchard Key Components’ [15](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-updated-orchardkeycomponents). ``` graph BT classDef default stroke:#111111; classDef func fill:#d0ffb8; classDef cefunc fill:#a0e0a0; classDef sensitive fill:#ffb0b0; classDef semi_sensitive fill:#ffb0ff; classDef circuit stroke:#000000, fill:#fffff0; classDef spacer opacity:0; sk([sk]):::sensitive --> Hnk[Hnk]:::func ----> nk([nk]) sk --> Hqsk[Hqsk]:::func --> qsk([qsk]):::sensitive qk ==> Hrivk_ext nk ==> Hrivk_ext FROST_DKG --> ak([ak]) --> FROST_Sign FROST_DKG ~~~ s( ):::spacer ~~~ FROST_Sign FROST_DKG --> ask([aski]):::sensitive --> FROST_Sign ak ==> Hrivk_ext[Hrivk_ext]:::func Hrivk_ext ==>|use_qsk| rivk_ext([rivk_ext]) HWW1:::circuit subgraph HWW1[









SoKqsk
] qsk([qsk]):::sensitive ==> Hqk[Hqk]:::cefunc Hqk ==> qk([qk]):::semi_sensitive end ``` The protocol MUST ensure that all participants obtain the same values for $\mathsf{ak}$, $\mathsf{nk}$, and $\mathsf{rivk\_ext}$. (Provided that the participants have followed § 4.2.3, this implies that they have the same $\mathsf{qsk}$ and $\mathsf{qk}$, by collision resistance of $\mathsf{H^{qk}}$ and $\mathsf{H^{rivk\_ext}}$.) Each participant MUST treat $\mathsf{qsk}$ as a secret held at least as securely and reliably as $\mathsf{ask}$. Note that $\mathsf{qsk}$ will not be needed to sign unless and until the Recovery Protocol is needed, but it is essential that it be retained, otherwise funds could be lost if and when the current Orchard protocol is disabled. The Recovery Protocol will still require a RedDSA signature verifiable by the Spend validating key $\mathsf{ak}$, in addition to knowledge of $\mathsf{qsk}$. RedDSA is not secure in the long term against a quantum or discrete-logarithm-breaking adversary. However, during any period in which the adversary cannot find discrete logarithms on the Pallas curve, checking this RedDSA signature will ensure that spend authorization continues to require a $t$-of-$n$ threshold of participants. An important advantage of FROST —that the parties can sign using their shares **without** reconstructing $\mathsf{ask}$, the Spend authorizing key— is retained. Note that a quantum adversary may be able to steal the funds with only access to $\mathsf{qsk}$, which is held by every participant (see below for more detail on [Key storage options](#keystorageoptionsandanalysis)). Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that as soon as a fully post-quantum protocol that supports threshold multisignatures is available, all funds held under FROST keys be transferred into that protocol's shielded pool. ### Usage with hardware wallets The same $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ option can help to improve the efficiency of using the [Recovery Protocol](#proposedrecoveryprotocol) with hardware wallets. If the keys $\mathsf{rivk\_ext}$, $\mathsf{nk}$, and $\mathsf{ak}$ are generated from $\mathsf{sk}$, then the circuit for the Recovery Protocol will need to prove their correct derivation using $\mathsf{H^{rivk\_legacy}}$, $\mathsf{H^{nk}}$, $\mathsf{H^{ask}}$, and $\mathsf{DerivePublic}$ as shown in the $\mathsf{SoK^{sk}}$ box of the diagram below. ``` graph BT classDef default stroke:#111111; classDef func fill:#d0ffb8; classDef cefunc fill:#a0e0a0; classDef sensitive fill:#ffb0b0; classDef semi_sensitive fill:#ffb0ff; classDef circuit stroke:#000000, fill:#fffff0; classDef spacer opacity:0; HWW1:::circuit subgraph HWW1[

















SoKsk
] sk --> Hrivk_legacy[Hrivk_legacy]:::func ----> rivk_legacy DerivePublic --> ak([ak]) sk([sk]):::sensitive --> Hnk[Hnk]:::func ----> nk([nk]) sk --> Hask[Hask]:::func --> ask([ask]):::sensitive ask --> DerivePublic:::func end HWW2:::circuit subgraph HWW2[









SoKqsk
] qsk([qsk]):::sensitive ==> Hqk[Hqk]:::cefunc Hqk ==> qk([qk]):::semi_sensitive end sk -.-> Hqsk[Hqsk]:::func -.-> qsk qk ==> Hrivk_ext[Hrivk_ext]:::func nk([nk]) ==> Hrivk_ext ak ==> Hrivk_ext Hrivk_ext ==>|use_qsk| rivk_ext{{rivk_ext}} rivk_legacy([rivk_legacy]) -->|¬use_qsk| rivk_ext ``` []() When $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ is used, on the other hand, it is possible for the Recovery Protocol to support spend authorization using a simpler statement that only uses $\mathsf{H^{qk}}$ and a commitment scheme. For example, for some hiding and collapse-binding commitment $\mathsf{c_{link}} = \mathsf{LinkCommit}_r(\mathsf{qk}, \mathsf{sighash})$ the hardware wallet could prove knowledge of $(\mathsf{qsk}, r)$ such that $\mathsf{c_{link}} = \mathsf{LinkCommit}_r(\mathsf{H^{qk}}(\mathsf{qsk}), \mathsf{sighash})\textsf{.}$ This statement, labelled as $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ in the diagram, can be implemented in a much smaller circuit, so it might be feasible to do the proof in quite constrained hardware. The commitment $\mathsf{c_{link}}$ would be a public input opened to $(\mathsf{qk}, \mathsf{sighash})$ in the [Recovery Statement](#proposedrecoverystatement), ensuring that the hardware wallet has authorized the spend for the correct key. Because $\mathsf{LinkCommit}$ is hiding and the proofs are zero knowledge, no information is leaked about which $\mathsf{qk}$ is being used. #### Key storage options and analysis By *host wallet*, we mean the device that builds the spend transaction and produces the rest of the Recovery Statement proof. In a multi-signer FROST setup, this would be the Coordinator [16](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0312-threat-model). The host wallet is given $\mathsf{nk}$, $\mathsf{ak}$, and (assuming $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ is true) $\mathsf{qk}$, for use in the Recovery Statement. Then two options are possible for storage of $\mathsf{qsk}$: **Option A** — The $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ proof is produced inside the hardware wallet, and $\mathsf{qsk}$ is retained there. **Option B** — Alternatively, if the hardware wallet is unable to support proving $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$, it could be updated to permit exporting $\mathsf{qsk}$ to the host wallet, and the $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ proof would be produced there. In either option, $\mathsf{ask}$ would remain on the hardware wallet which would continue to produce RedDSA spend authorization signatures (or perform its part of the FROST multi-signing protocol). ##### Threat model The [Recovery Statement](#proposedrecoverystatement) is assumed below to require both of: - an $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ proof verifying knowledge of $\mathsf{qsk}$ such that $\mathsf{H^{qk}}(\mathsf{qsk}) = \mathsf{qk}$ for the spent note's $\mathsf{qk}$; and - a RedDSA signature on $\mathsf{ak}$, which under FROST is constructed by cooperation of $t$-of-$n$ hardware-wallet signers, each contributing using its share of $\mathsf{ask}$. Under this assumed structure, with FROST + hardware-wallet deployment, spend authorization is broken only by either: 1. **$\mathsf{qsk}$ possession + finding discrete logarithms on the Pallas curve.** The variants differ only in **how** $\mathsf{qsk}$ is obtained: 1. the adversary is an authorized FROST signer — they hold a copy of $\mathsf{qsk}$ by construction; 2. $\mathsf{qsk}$ is extracted from a hardware wallet, defeating Option A by a physical-device or side-channel attack; 3. $\mathsf{qsk}$ is obtained after export to the host wallet, by compromising the host wallet or intercepting it during export. 2. **Breaking a primitive or scheme.** RedDSA, FROST, the DKG, or the proving system has a cryptographic weakness or implementation flaw. ##### Choosing between Options A and B Option A is preferred where the target hardware wallet is capable of proving $\mathsf{SoK^{qsk}}$ on-device. Option B is a fallback for cases where it cannot — for instance, due to memory or secure-element constraints, uncertainty about the proof system that will be chosen and what will be tractable on small devices, or the device having been obsoleted before firmware support could be added. Under Option A, the host wallet holds only the full viewing key ($\mathsf{ak}$, $\mathsf{nk}$) —which the pre-Quantum-Recoverability protocol already entrusted to it— plus $\mathsf{qk}$. The $\mathsf{qsk}$ attack surface is then 1.a. or 1.b. only. Option B additionally places $\mathsf{qsk}$ on the host wallet, admitting case 1.c. as well. This has the disadvantage that host-wallet compromise is a substantially larger attack surface than hardware-wallet extraction. However, even with $\mathsf{qsk}$ in hand, an adversary would still need to break RedDSA or find discrete logarithms on the Pallas curve to steal funds. Note: with ZIP 32 hierarchical derivation, $\mathsf{qsk}$ need not be backed up separately from the seed phrase. When $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ is true, $\mathsf{qsk} = \mathsf{H^{qsk}}(\mathsf{sk})$ where $\mathsf{sk}$ is the HD-derived spending key, and so $\mathsf{qsk}$ can be re-derived from the seed phrase (with or without SLIP 39 Shamir backup [17](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-slip-0039)). A deployment that does not use ZIP 32 is responsible for the security of its own backup arrangements. ### Usage with other proposals requiring note plaintext format changes This proposal was originally designed to be deployed alongside ZSAs [6](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0226) [7](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0227) and memo bundles [13](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0231), which also defined a new note plaintext format. Since this proposal now defines lead byte $\mathtt{0x03}$, those proposals will need to use a new lead byte value or values. ### Specification Updates This is written as a set of changes relative to version 2026.7.0 of the protocol specification [18](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-base), and to the contents of ZIPs as of July 2026. The protocol specification changes will be applied in version 2026.8.0 [3](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-updated). #### Changes to the Protocol Specification ##### § 3.2.1 ‘Note Plaintexts and Memo Fields’ Replace the paragraph > Define $\mathsf{allowedLeadBytes^{protocol}}(\mathsf{height}, \mathsf{txVersion}) =$ > $\hspace{2em} \begin{cases} > \{ \mathtt{0x01} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{if } \mathsf{height} < \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} \\ > \{ \mathtt{0x01}, \mathtt{0x02} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{if } \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} \leq \mathsf{height} < \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} + \mathsf{ZIP212GracePeriod} \\ > \{ \mathtt{0x02} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{otherwise.} > \end{cases}$ with > Let $\textit{pool} \;{\small ⦂}\; \{ \textit{SaplingPool}, \textit{OrchardPool}, \textit{IronwoodPool}\, \}$ > be the chain value pool of the note. > > > > > Define $\mathsf{allowedLeadBytes}^{\textit{pool}}(\mathsf{height}, \mathsf{txVersion}) =$ > $\hspace{2em} \begin{cases} > \{ \mathtt{0x01} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{if } \mathsf{height} < \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} \\ > \{ \mathtt{0x01}, \mathtt{0x02} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{if } \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} \leq \mathsf{height} < \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} + \mathsf{ZIP212GracePeriod} \\ > \{ \mathtt{0x02} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{if } \mathsf{CanopyActivationHeight} + \mathsf{ZIP212GracePeriod} \leq \mathsf{height} \textsf{ and } \textit{pool} \neq \textit{IronwoodPool} \\ > \{ \mathtt{0x03} \},&\!\!\!\textsf{otherwise.} > \end{cases}$ Replace the non-normative note: > - It is intentional that the definition of $\mathsf{allowedLeadBytes}$ does > not currently depend on $\mathsf{protocol}$ or $\mathsf{txVersion}$. It > might do so in future. with > - It is intentional that the definition of $\mathsf{allowedLeadBytes}$ does > not currently depend on $\mathsf{txVersion}$. It might do so in future. Add the non-normative note: > - For *Ironwood-pool* note plaintexts, the only allowed lead byte value is > $\mathtt{0x03}$. ##### § 4.1.2 ‘Pseudo Random Functions’ In the list of places where $\mathsf{PRF^{expand}}$ is used: Replace > - [**NU5** onward] in § 4.2.3 ‘Orchard Key Components’ > [19](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-orchardkeycomponents), > with inputs $[\mathtt{0x06}]$, $[\mathtt{0x07}]$, $[\mathtt{0x08}]$, and with > first byte $\mathtt{0x82}$; > > - in the processes of sending (§ 4.7.2 ‘Sending Notes (Sapling)’ > [20](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-saplingsend) > and § 4.7.3 ‘Sending Notes (Orchard)’ > [21](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-orchardsend)) and of receiving > (§ 4.20 ‘In-band secret distribution (Sapling and Orchard)’ > [22](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-saplingandorchardinband)) > notes, for Sapling with inputs $[\mathtt{0x04}]$ and $[\mathtt{0x05}]$, > and for Orchard $[t] || \underline{\text{ρ}}$ with > $t \in \{ \mathtt{0x05}, \mathtt{0x04}, \mathtt{0x09} \}$; with > - [**NU5** onward] in § 4.2.3 ‘Orchard Key Components’ > [19](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-orchardkeycomponents), > with inputs $[\mathtt{0x06}]$, $[\mathtt{0x07}]$, $[\mathtt{0x08}]$, and with > first byte in $\{ \mathtt{0x0C}, \mathtt{0x0D}, \mathtt{0x82} \}$ > ($\mathtt{0x0C}$ and $\mathtt{0x0D}$ are also specified in [ZIP 2005]); > > - in the processes of sending (§ 4.7.2 ‘Sending Notes (Sapling)’ > [20](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-saplingsend) > and § 4.7.3 ‘Sending Notes (Orchard)’ > [21](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-orchardsend)) and of receiving > (§ 4.20 ‘In-band secret distribution (Sapling and Orchard)’ > [22](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-saplingandorchardinband)) > notes, for Sapling with inputs $[\mathtt{0x04}]$ and $[\mathtt{0x05}]$, > and for Orchard with first byte in > $\{ \mathtt{0x05}, \mathtt{0x04}, \mathtt{0x09}, \mathtt{0x0A}, \mathtt{0x0B} \}$ > ($\mathtt{0x0A}$ and $\mathtt{0x0B}$ are also specified in [ZIP 2005]); Add > - in [ZIP 2005], with first byte in > $\{ \mathtt{0x0A}, \mathtt{0x0B}, \mathtt{0x0C}, \mathtt{0x0D} \}$. ##### § 4.2.3 ‘Orchard Key Components’ Add $\ell_{\mathsf{qsk}}$ and $\ell_{\mathsf{qk}}$ to the constants obtained from § 5.3 ‘Constants’ [23](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-protocol-constants). Replace from "From this spending key" up to and including the line "let $\mathsf{ak} = \mathsf{Extract}_{\mathbb{P}}(\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}})$" in the algorithm with: > Under normal circumstances, the Spend authorizing key > $\mathsf{ask} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{F}^{*}_{r_{\mathbb{P}}}$ is derived > directly from $\mathsf{sk}$. However, this might not be the case for > protocols that require distributed generation of shares of $\mathsf{ask}$, > such as FROST's Distributed Key Generation > [24](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0312-key-generation) > (see [[ZIP 2005, Usage with Frost]](#usagewithfrost) for further > discussion). To support this we define an alternative derivation method > using an additional "quantum spending key", $\mathsf{qsk}$, and > "quantum intermediate key", $\mathsf{qk}$. > > > > > There can also be advantages to not deriving $\mathsf{ask}$ directly from > $\mathsf{sk}$ for hardware wallets, in order to separate the authority to > make proofs for the Recovery Protocol from the spend authorization key > that is kept on the device (see > [[ZIP 2005, Usage with hardware wallets]](#usagewithhardwarewallets)). > The derivation from $\mathsf{qsk}$ can also be used in that case. > > > > > Let $\mathsf{use\_qsk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{B}$ be a flag indicating > whether $\mathsf{qsk}$ and $\mathsf{qk}$ are generated and used in the > derivation of $\mathsf{rivk}$. (In cases where it is desired for the > generation of key components to match versions of this specification > prior to 2026.8.0, $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ needs to be set to false.) > > > > > Define: > > > > > > - $\mathsf{H^{ask}}(\mathsf{sk}) = \mathsf{ToScalar^{Orchard}}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{sk}}([\mathtt{0x06}])\kern-0.1em\big)$ > > - $\mathsf{H^{nk}}(\mathsf{sk}) = \mathsf{ToBase^{Orchard}}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{sk}}([\mathtt{0x07}])\kern-0.1em\big)$ > > - $\mathsf{H^{rivk}}(\mathsf{sk}) = \mathsf{ToScalar^{Orchard}}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{sk}}([\mathtt{0x08}])\kern-0.1em\big)$ > > - $\mathsf{H^{qsk}}(\mathsf{sk}) = \mathsf{truncate}_{32}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{sk}}([\mathtt{0x0C}])\kern-0.1em\big)$ > > - $\mathsf{H^{qk}}(\mathsf{qsk}) = \mathsf{BLAKE3.derive\_key}(\texttt{“Zcash ZIP 2005 qk-derivation v1”}, \mathsf{qsk}, 32)$ > [25](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-blake3). > > - $\mathsf{H}^{\mathsf{rivk\_ext}}_{\mathsf{qk}}(\mathsf{ak}, \mathsf{nk}) = \mathsf{ToScalar^{Orchard}}\big(\mathsf{PRF^{expand}_{qk}}\big([\mathtt{0x0D}] \,||\, \mathsf{I2LEOSP}_{256}(\mathsf{ak}) \,||\, \mathsf{I2LEOSP}_{256}(\mathsf{nk})\kern-0.1em\big)\kern-0.15em\big)$. > > > > > > $\mathsf{ask} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{F}^{*}_{r_{\mathbb{P}}}$, > the Spend validating key $\mathsf{ak} \;{\small ⦂}\; \{ 1\,..\,q_{\mathbb{P}}-1 \}$, > the nullifier deriving key $\mathsf{nk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{F}_{q_{\mathbb{P}}}$, > the optional quantum spending key $\mathsf{qsk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{B}^{{\kern-0.1em\tiny\mathbb{Y}}[\ell_{\mathsf{qsk}}/8]} \cup \{\bot\}$ > and quantum intermediate key $\mathsf{qk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{B}^{{\kern-0.1em\tiny\mathbb{Y}}[\ell_{\mathsf{qk}}/8]} \cup \{\bot\}$ > the $\mathsf{Commit^{ivk}}$ randomness $\mathsf{rivk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{F}_{r_{\mathbb{P}}}$, > the diversifier key $\mathsf{dk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{B}^{{\kern-0.1em\tiny\mathbb{Y}}[\ell_{\mathsf{dk}}/8]}$, > the $\mathsf{KA^{Orchard}}$ private key $\mathsf{ivk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \{ 1\,..\,q_{\mathbb{P}}-1 \}$, > the outgoing viewing key $\mathsf{ovk} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{B}^{{\kern-0.1em\tiny\mathbb{Y}}[\ell_{\mathsf{ovk}}/8]}$, > and corresponding “internal” keys MUST be derived as follows: > > > > > $\hspace{1.0em}$ let $\mathsf{nk} = \mathsf{H^{nk}}(\mathsf{sk})$ > > $\hspace{1.0em}$ if $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$: > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ obtain a $\mathsf{SpendAuthSig^{Orchard}}$ public key $\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{P}^*$ by any suitably secure > > $\hspace{3.5em}$ method that ensures the last bit of $\mathsf{repr}_{\mathbb{P}}(\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}})$ is $0$ (see below). > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{ak} = \mathsf{Extract}_{\mathbb{P}}(\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{qsk} = \mathsf{H^{qsk}}(\mathsf{sk})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{qk} = \mathsf{H^{qk}}(\mathsf{qsk})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{rivk} = \mathsf{H}^{\mathsf{rivk\_ext}}_{\mathsf{qk}}(\mathsf{ak}, \mathsf{nk})$ > > $\hspace{1.0em}$ else: > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let mutable $\mathsf{ask} \leftarrow \mathsf{H^{ask}}(\mathsf{sk})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{ak}_{\mathbb{P}} = \mathsf{SpendAuthSig^{Orchard}.DerivePublic}(\mathsf{ask})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ if the last bit (that is, the $\tilde{y}$ bit) of $\mathsf{repr}_{\mathbb{P}}(\mathsf{ak}_{\mathbb{P}})$ is $1$: > > $\hspace{4.0em}$ set $\mathsf{ask} \leftarrow -\mathsf{ask}$ > > > > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{ak} = \mathsf{Extract}_{\mathbb{P}}(\mathsf{ak}_{\mathbb{P}})$ > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{qsk} = \mathsf{qk} = \bot$ (there are no quantum spending/intermediate keys in this case) > > $\hspace{2.5em}$ let $\mathsf{rivk} = \mathsf{H^{rivk}}(\mathsf{sk})$ Add before "As explained in § 3.1": > When $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ is true, possible methods of generating > $\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}}$ include direct generation of an Orchard-protocol Spend > authorizing key $\mathsf{ask} \;{\small ⦂}\; \mathbb{F}^{*}_{r_{\mathbb{P}}}$ followed by > $\mathsf{ak}^{\mathbb{P}} = \mathsf{SpendAuthSig^{Orchard}.DerivePublic}(\mathsf{ask})$, > or FROST distributed key generation > [24](/zip/2005?part=4#user-content-fn-zip-0312-key-generation) in which the > corresponding spend-authorization material is $t$-of-$n$ shared among the > participants. Add the following notes: > - If $\mathsf{ask}$, $\mathsf{ak}$, $\mathsf{nk}$, $\mathsf{rivk}$, and > $\mathsf{rivk\_internal}$ are not generated as specified in this section, > then it may not be possible to recover the resulting notes as specified in > [ZIP 2005] in the event that attacks using quantum computers become > practical. In addition, to recover notes it is necessary to retain, or be > able to rederive $\mathsf{sk}$, and also to know whether $\mathsf{use\_qsk}$ > was used to derive the $\mathsf{ivk}$ and addresses. When FROST is being > used, it is also necessary to retain the group verifying key $\mathsf{ak}$ > and (collectively among the signers) the key material needed to make > spend authorization signatures that can be verified using $\mathsf{ak}$. > > > > > See [[ZIP 2005, Key storage options and analysis]](#keystorageoptionsandanalysis) > for further discussion of storage requirements for $\mathsf{sk}$ and > $\mathsf{qsk}$. ##### § 4.7.2 ‘Sending Notes (Sapling)’ Add after the definition of $\mathsf{leadByte}$: ## Citation relationships Cites: [ZIP 32](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/32), [ZIP 200](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/200), [ZIP 209](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/209), [ZIP 212](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/212), [ZIP 226](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/226), [ZIP 227](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/227), [ZIP 229](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/229), [ZIP 231](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/231), [ZIP 258](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/258), [ZIP 312](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/312), [ZIP 2003](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2003), [ZIP 2007](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/2007) Cited by: [ZIP 32](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/32), [ZIP 226](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/226), [ZIP 229](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/229), [ZIP 230](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/230), [ZIP 231](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/231), [ZIP 258](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/258), [ZIP 316](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/316), [ZIP 326](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/326), [ZIP 374](https://zip-tools-web.harpocrates.workers.dev/zip/374)